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<div data-page-id="doxcnJNncc5Mcxzsu0ZhhkBYVib" data-docx-has-block-data="true"> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnEAkcGga64CYMaYtJa3S6Kh"><span class="p"><strong>一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，社會(huì)隔離改變了大黃蜂的行為和大腦發(fā)育，但并沒有以研究人員預(yù)期的方式改變。被隔離的大黃蜂通過后來變得更加社交來彌補(bǔ)這一點(diǎn)。</strong></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMuOyYWs6KGAgOMx7kfyBWg">&nbsp;</div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCSOeiIkigEg0eqzW1YOPTc"><span class="p">該研究探討了大黃蜂如何受到關(guān)鍵發(fā)育時(shí)期社會(huì)孤立的影響，大黃蜂在很大程度上取決于其生存的社會(huì)本能。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUeg6gam0gQ40qyRO9seRMc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoq42ICAI4OA8YNTLV8rQDf"><span class="p">研究人員驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些孤立的蜜蜂長成了社會(huì)蝴蝶，表現(xiàn)出親和或&ldquo;友好&rdquo;行為的增加 - 與他們預(yù)測(cè)的相反。詳細(xì)介紹結(jié)果的論文于5月17日發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》上。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6QkEsQ4ioWAwMzvmykeu2e"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUakQiwIe4emU4Uvt4bcZ3b"><span class="p">該團(tuán)隊(duì)由生態(tài)學(xué)和進(jìn)化生物學(xué)助理教授Sarah Kocher以及Lewis-Sigler綜合基因組學(xué)研究所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，對(duì)三組大黃蜂進(jìn)行了一系列測(cè)試。一些蜜蜂被隔離，一些留在原來的殖民地（殖民地飼養(yǎng)），一些被安置在一小群蜜蜂（群體飼養(yǎng)）中。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6q2uAUMc8UcqUTLvlp3Zrh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn8smiUIWsEC20AnklDOutJf"><span class="p">研究小組預(yù)計(jì)，正如之前在各種生物體中所顯示的那樣，被社會(huì)孤立的大黃蜂將表現(xiàn)出更具侵略性的行為，并且與社會(huì)伴侶的互動(dòng)更少。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMgCiCkw8e0waCi96LAvPMh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSUQMq2eGKYKuSUm7w6WB9e"><span class="p">&ldquo;與此相反，我們沒有看到大黃蜂的攻擊性行為增加，&rdquo;Kocher實(shí)驗(yàn)室的博士后研究員Yan Wang說。&ldquo;事實(shí)上，我們看到關(guān)聯(lián)行為總體上有所增加。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnis2AYWyQcWse8t0bOh37le"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmoYoIqseYUG0OIzyFjeLod"><span class="p">研究大黃蜂的大腦發(fā)育可以為有關(guān)大腦發(fā)育和社會(huì)性進(jìn)化的更廣泛?jiǎn)栴}提供關(guān)鍵見解。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqCuKoggQOii2A3RFwyGOcg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmCAOukCqis0Ua8OpQNCl0f"><span class="p">&ldquo;由于昆蟲和脊椎動(dòng)物共享一個(gè)共同的進(jìn)化祖先，許多相同的分子機(jī)制塑造了這兩個(gè)群體的大腦，&rdquo;Kocher說。&ldquo;因此，我們?cè)诿鄯渖砩系脑S多發(fā)現(xiàn)也可能延伸到脊椎動(dòng)物身上。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcngW0Q0wIcMCsk0gudWQ0YGh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCoEwK2q2ykYu4IxLyfVCzd"><span class="p">這就是為什么擁有神經(jīng)科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的Wang有興趣加入這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的原因。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4UqcweEUSOeCwFuzJUHUGd"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnagmCCeY6WUk6W4aGycNaSh"><span class="p">&ldquo;大黃蜂已經(jīng)成為開發(fā)許多用于研究社會(huì)性以及腦科學(xué)的尖端工具的絕佳候選者，&rdquo;王說。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnM8ICyAGmoemwCOtweWn9ce"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUsuIaEKY2eW8OUJr7fq1af"><span class="p">另一個(gè)令人驚訝的轉(zhuǎn)折是，比較單獨(dú)飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂與一組蜜蜂的大腦發(fā)育的結(jié)果驚人地相似，表明只有少數(shù)其他蜜蜂可以與之互動(dòng)，足以使它們發(fā)展出與整個(gè)蜂群相同水平的社交技能。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUkGuM42u8qcQoRCq71BRee"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOEQ2Kig4oo4way2YjMskPd"><span class="p">然而，根據(jù)Wang的說法，這些分離出的蜜蜂的結(jié)果&ldquo;到處都是&rdquo;，并且在大腦各個(gè)區(qū)域的大小和基因表達(dá)方面比研究人員預(yù)期的要隨機(jī)得多。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2IyUUoae8UoYAFf68T1qTf"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnicUiGUaOw2eMw9KNK6Z5Cc"><span class="p">&ldquo;我們的研究結(jié)果表明，在沒有這種社會(huì)環(huán)境的情況下，大腦如何發(fā)育存在某種可控的混亂，&rdquo;王說。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnS08GUEoaeOMK8kpCbcs00b"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUikKCSy0MUAAYBzQu7CQ8c"><span class="p">研究人員還確定了六個(gè)基因，這些基因在分離的蜜蜂的大腦中與群體和殖民地飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂不同，其中幾個(gè)涉及與人類和其他脊椎動(dòng)物相同的分子機(jī)制。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6OyIsMicouEUSgwLehzLwh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2cioWSu20a2igRa5oC2OYc"><span class="p">目前，該團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)孤立的大黃蜂的社會(huì)性水平提高的主要假設(shè)是，他們從未學(xué)會(huì)如何<em>不對(duì)</em>他人做出反應(yīng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOsYQIoOsCW8e241pFqXWdV"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn80IWWYk8kik8GuYW4fLYAb"><span class="p">&ldquo;在擁擠的大黃蜂蜂巢中，即使旁邊有另一只大黃蜂，你也需要能夠繼續(xù)做你正在做的事情，這是有道理的，&rdquo;物理學(xué)研究生Grace McKenzie-Smith說。&ldquo;因此，社會(huì)發(fā)展可能涉及學(xué)習(xí)何時(shí)不對(duì)另一只蜜蜂的存在做出反應(yīng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0EAaOeyekAisWCMFJLkCLc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoc8E6uMqIAeMw7IfZqGJTh"><span class="p">這只是一個(gè)假設(shè)，要真正了解這一點(diǎn)，就需要更多的研究。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnk6qu8Ue0SueGCYwQjA6kWg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnW2Mok6ceWoIM65GlYzFb3d"><span class="p">Kocher說，這項(xiàng)研究也為了解蜜蜂和其他傳粉媒介如何受到氣候變化的影響開辟了一條道路。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQmEyumMsamI2MHCd8ZAUqk"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwiU4MUyUQ6sQeJE4gvnmgb"><span class="p">&ldquo;環(huán)境的變化，社會(huì)或其他方面，都會(huì)對(duì)行為產(chǎn)生令人驚訝的影響，&rdquo;Kocher說。&ldquo;更大的框架是了解意想不到的環(huán)境變化如何塑造行為，以及這如何影響傳粉媒介對(duì)氣候變化的反應(yīng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcneigekwQmakaeWG0sv8nYmf"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnyIUC66IKqEk08L5xW6kU5g"><span class="p"><strong>來自運(yùn)動(dòng)映射軟件的協(xié)助</strong></span></h2> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnKykIGaAoQKGkqaos57P94e"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMWQUYgWomC0qKoaTvhOhvh"><span class="p">弄清楚如何在一個(gè)狹小的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里單獨(dú)容納300多只蜜蜂是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，團(tuán)隊(duì)在找到一個(gè)可行的設(shè)置之前，經(jīng)歷了多次反復(fù)試驗(yàn)和錯(cuò)誤。他們最終得到的是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，研究人員開始稱之為蜜蜂酒店。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYQOECGiaOeEooFOeNHAc9f"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcns82uGKC8kUMyAfTbpz096E"><span class="p">每只大黃蜂都被安置在自己的私人空間里&mdash;&mdash;一個(gè)堆疊在一起的其他小盒子中的一個(gè)小盒子。該結(jié)構(gòu)使每只蜜蜂或一小群蜜蜂免受其他居民可能發(fā)出的視覺，聲音，氣味或振動(dòng)信號(hào)引起的任何干擾。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQyccyySqiMckcpfXNmeLhg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="image-uploaded gallery old-record-id-doxcn4g6OwyswUoOE8R0905Glth" data-type="image" 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Khan/Fotobuddy</em></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4kygWIcO8S8CCEwzcC16rh" style="text-align: center;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCs8YkwsgS8UcSidHOkfLWc"><span class="p">經(jīng)過精心安排的九天住宿后，該團(tuán)隊(duì)開始收集所有三類蜜蜂的數(shù)據(jù)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWGmwEwssOsCaUt4nQPTIle"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMgwcqo4ikw4gKuFTXq9uug"><span class="p">他們進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，分析了蜜蜂大腦各個(gè)區(qū)域的基因表達(dá)和物理大小，并將蜜蜂放置在培養(yǎng)皿中，以單獨(dú)和成對(duì)地監(jiān)測(cè)它們的行為。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2wo6EkouKs240C9EO3QXOf"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6yKuqc4Gg6mwUHZAwvoiee"><span class="p">由于普林斯頓大學(xué)開發(fā)了一種名為SLEAP（Social LEAP估計(jì)動(dòng)物姿勢(shì)）的革命性新姿勢(shì)跟蹤軟件，研究人員能夠定量分析蜜蜂的行為。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnASEYYa2easUKEtH1GC7ARb"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4g88Qwq8wAUuOWg1zcriPc"><span class="p">&ldquo;如果沒有SLEAP，我們將不得不手工完成所有分析，&rdquo;McKenzie-Smith說，他負(fù)責(zé)該項(xiàng)目的大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)分析。&ldquo;當(dāng)你這樣做的時(shí)候，你引入了很多人類的偏見。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcng6wsYCWMygsewRoJIOEG0e"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwaEqWumogIy6oVuyYJGixd"><span class="p">該軟件是普林斯頓大學(xué)教授Joshua Shaevitz（物理學(xué)教授，Lewis-Sigler Integrative Genomics研究所）和神經(jīng)科學(xué)教授Mala Murthy團(tuán)隊(duì)合作創(chuàng)建的，其工作方式是首先讓研究人員將視頻饋送到它應(yīng)該跟蹤的動(dòng)物的軟件中。然后，它使用人工智能來識(shí)別各種身體部位，并為每個(gè)身體部位提供逐幀像素坐標(biāo)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnuqgi0s2kICkOyGGotu6vYd"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSmsAu2Sic2sAgRoXV5Pzfd"><span class="p">在蜜蜂的身體部位被識(shí)別出來后，研究人員使用名為Motion Mapper的軟件，這是Shaevitz和Murthy合作的早期開發(fā)，從身體部位位置提取動(dòng)態(tài)信息。這種技術(shù)使它們不僅可以了解蜜蜂四肢的位置，還可以了解蜜蜂如何移動(dòng)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnuIOi8wKu2cwQC30PsPeWnb"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnU8yew4OeikGE4UZTLltPVd"><span class="p">&ldquo;能夠拍攝原始視頻并在以后人工標(biāo)記不同的身體部位，使這個(gè)工具非常通用，在社交，多動(dòng)物的背景下，我們真的非常令人興奮，&rdquo;王說。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoAYkEQW4sSK4QbJVMEOBwc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnKEwQcskMec6c637XtM7aGe"><span class="p"><strong>需要思考的問題</strong></span></h2> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnw4EEO2coAGGweOtitmisQh"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqeqWg4MqWqOGCeBMyYms2b"><span class="p">研究人員在使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)時(shí)觀察到的附屬行為的一個(gè)例子是蜜蜂在彼此的頭部和身體上摩擦觸角，這種活動(dòng)稱為<em>天線。</em></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGQOwC28kIaisy08kwIvvkg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOs6QMIgUCUqwGclaEky69e"><span class="p">&ldquo;在蜂群中長大的蜜蜂通常會(huì)在這種面對(duì)面的定向中花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間，&rdquo;Kocher說。&ldquo;這是一個(gè)非常重要的化學(xué)線索。當(dāng)它們觸摸觸角時(shí)，它們實(shí)際上是在來回傳遞化學(xué)信息，這樣它們就可以知道蟻群中的其他人是誰。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWgAIYy6wYgqI6cj9ienl7Y"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIy4mMMeGsySYsvUhNdSz9c"><span class="p">被隔離的蜜蜂，當(dāng)被重新引入另一只蜜蜂時(shí)，這樣做的頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于整個(gè)社會(huì)群體中飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂。他們以一種不尋常的方式做到了這一點(diǎn)，在他們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ソ佑|方面有更多的變化。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6QsSesCQqCuGaiyEz5z4wg"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYSYEmS86KamWsvmEHDlhrd"><span class="p">&ldquo;你可以想到的一種方式是想象你來和我握手，但我沒有和你的手握手，而是試圖握住你的膝蓋，&rdquo;科赫說。&ldquo;對(duì)于具有社交經(jīng)驗(yàn)的蜜蜂來說，這并不是一種有意義的社交互動(dòng)。所以我認(rèn)為這是這項(xiàng)研究中得出的一個(gè)非常有趣的見解。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQOooc6sqYiqiUdDzh4yULY"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2Oc0ceUSsYqQ0iW6GPXwzc"><span class="p">從SLEAP獲得的行為數(shù)據(jù)，以及對(duì)蜜蜂基因表達(dá)和大腦發(fā)育的分析，得出了令人驚訝的答案，給Kocher留下了很多值得思考的問題。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQYSsSEEOCWsKKCv6MqEGPe"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMSEcmcSwu4Ic4IxStgPKyc"><span class="p">由于隔離而增加的社交互動(dòng)在社會(huì)昆蟲中很常見嗎？這種增長是由于缺乏學(xué)習(xí)如何回應(yīng)社會(huì)伙伴，還是因?yàn)槊鄯鋸奈磳W(xué)會(huì)如何避免負(fù)面互動(dòng)？在發(fā)育的九天期間，這些變化何時(shí)發(fā)生，這些變化是永久性的嗎？它們是可逆的嗎？</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqSe2cC8GqaEuQdVFyRO3Bd"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4ga4EcAUeOUkWKEKw8YSQg"><span class="p">所有這些都是這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提出的問題，Kocher認(rèn)為可能值得進(jìn)一步探索。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnw0iEgSMSISUoM5fAXLnNhb"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQ2qgWmqEKWGkt1TmaHkkkX"><span class="p">&ldquo;我感興趣的一件事就是類似的實(shí)驗(yàn)，但在蜂巢中，&rdquo;McKenzie-Smith說。&ldquo;大黃蜂蜂箱具有復(fù)雜的3D結(jié)構(gòu)，這使得成像它們變得非常困難，但現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室正在使用一些技術(shù)可以解決這個(gè)問題。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwMokuYMW2UyaKIgfZmnM8n"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnEeguM6c8sgooeModvkGKgb"><span class="p">根據(jù)McKenzie-Smith的說法，像這樣的項(xiàng)目可能是有價(jià)值的，以便了解大黃蜂的社會(huì)行為如何在大黃蜂中更自然地發(fā)展，以及它如何在它們的一生中發(fā)展。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn8CwgGY0mUQIo4Q3RuM2opc"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcneYsoQkCGsUOuAzk2rJWOMg"><span class="p">該研究由Z. Yan Wang，Grace C. McKenzie-Smith，Weijie Liu，Hyo Jin Cho，Talmo Pereira，Zahra Dhanerawala，Joshua W. Shaevitz和Sarah D. Kocher于2022年5月17日發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》（第32卷，第12期）雜志上，<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.066" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.066</a>。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYMikSaAcO2aqQVtMsSJISe"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIW4WsEgE8Smki8c1XpWB1f"><span class="p">這項(xiàng)工作得到了美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院（NIH）撥款NIH R01 NS10489，U19 NS104648和1DP2GM137424-01，普林斯頓催化倡議和Lewis-Sigler綜合基因組學(xué)研究所的支持。這項(xiàng)工作也得到了美國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)通過生物功能物理中心（PHY-1734030）的部分支持。</span></div> </div>