研究陳規(guī)定型觀念對(duì)國(guó)際象棋表現(xiàn)的影響
指南者留學(xué)
2022-07-18 15:31:26
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqC4KqkWGWw2KAxZllU9sPg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">一項(xiàng)新的研究表明,關(guān)于女性下棋能力的刻板印象可以解釋為什么她們?cè)诟?jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的環(huán)境中與男性比賽時(shí)表現(xiàn)更差。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn446IMKug48IwiYTGjqITle" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">該研究檢查了數(shù)千場(chǎng)國(guó)際象棋比賽的結(jié)果和表現(xiàn)。 圖片:FELIX MITTERMEIER/UNSPLASH</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQcCWmiQya0uIwjnrSaCJah" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">盡管沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明男性具有先天優(yōu)勢(shì),但女性國(guó)際象棋專家在與男性選手競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)犯的錯(cuò)誤增加了11%,而男性在與男性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí),即使她們通常會(huì)辭職,男性也會(huì)繼續(xù)與女性比賽更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間 - 平均為8%。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn84EWA24Asm8E8jvaznoSfg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">這兩個(gè)因素都意味著,在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性國(guó)際象棋中,女性與男性對(duì)手的平均得分較低 - 即使研究人員控制了玩家的固定效應(yīng),年齡和預(yù)期表現(xiàn)(由Elo評(píng)級(jí)衡量)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSoa6S6kk6SS2AdF55hdjkd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">以前的研究表明,刻板印象會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的信念,而這些信念又與差異的表現(xiàn)相關(guān)。至于將信念和表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的實(shí)際機(jī)制,這些機(jī)制可能與努力或不足或過(guò)度自信的變化有關(guān)。 </span><span class="h6">—— 圣地亞哥·桑切斯博士</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0Ww2eGsAEou8s3t8jiSrgd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在一篇新論文《性別,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和表現(xiàn):來(lái)自國(guó)際象棋選手的證據(jù)》中,該論文由圣地亞哥·桑切斯-佩奇博士(倫敦國(guó)王學(xué)院),Peter Backus博士(曼徹斯特大學(xué)),Maria Cubel博士(巴斯大學(xué)),Matej Guid博士(盧布爾雅那大學(xué))和Enrique Lopez Manas共同撰寫。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnq8sue4AAk240y0K7Nayvjd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員說(shuō):“我們發(fā)現(xiàn),游戲的性別構(gòu)成對(duì)結(jié)果的影響主要是由女性玩家在與男性比賽時(shí)犯更大的錯(cuò)誤驅(qū)動(dòng)的。這與男性球員形成鮮明對(duì)比,無(wú)論對(duì)手的性別如何,他們都打得同樣出色。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGqcGYI6MyAAwuSP13GLqse" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">“我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),平均而言,男性在與女性比賽時(shí)在辭職前堅(jiān)持的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),這降低了女性玩家在與男性對(duì)手的比賽中可以獲得的分?jǐn)?shù)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcni8UGEwoaISumikRnt1UYcd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">“我們的研究結(jié)果提供了證據(jù),證明性別間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以不利于女性結(jié)果的方式改變了男性和女性的行為。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwSqGuw4wKqMEiWI2X9amgg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員使用了來(lái)自154個(gè)國(guó)家聯(lián)合會(huì)的14,056名棋手在18個(gè)月內(nèi)進(jìn)行的79,000多場(chǎng)國(guó)際象棋比賽的數(shù)據(jù)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn80qwyUuSgmAysZYfYhOtqb" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員對(duì)男女之間結(jié)果差異的一種解釋是,人們對(duì)女性下棋的相對(duì)能力有著根深蒂固的信念。女性在男女混合錦標(biāo)賽選手中僅占11%左右,在特級(jí)大師中僅占2%。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnsE2QawKogUg6EzdXBn0ode" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員說(shuō):“以前的研究表明,刻板印象會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的信念,而這些信念又與差異的表現(xiàn)相關(guān)。至于將信念和表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的實(shí)際機(jī)制,這些機(jī)制可能與努力或不足或過(guò)度自信的變化有關(guān)。</span></div>
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