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研究陳規(guī)定型觀念對(duì)國(guó)際象棋表現(xiàn)的影響
指南者留學(xué) 2022-07-18 15:31:26 閱讀量:1321
<div data-page-id="doxcnd7cymteVW8Y3BVikUPPfrb" data-docx-has-block-data="true"> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqC4KqkWGWw2KAxZllU9sPg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">一項(xiàng)新的研究表明,關(guān)于女性下棋能力的刻板印象可以解釋為什么她們?cè)诟?jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的環(huán)境中與男性比賽時(shí)表現(xiàn)更差。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcniw0cWYK0iUmcaN8a0QP2ob" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="image-uploaded gallery old-record-id-doxcnIQeqiSMMkUiOUvMFDRkuf3" data-type="image" data-ace-gallery-json="{&quot;items&quot;:[{&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;e8cf8878-51be-48b1-bd49-b5ee4ccb979e&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:440,&quot;width&quot;:780,&quot;currHeight&quot;:440,&quot;currWidth&quot;:780,&quot;natrualHeight&quot;:440,&quot;natrualWidth&quot;:780,&quot;pluginName&quot;:&quot;imageUpload&quot;,&quot;scale&quot;:1,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https%3A%2F%2Finternal-api-drive-stream.feishu.cn%2Fspace%2Fapi%2Fbox%2Fstream%2Fdownload%2Fall%2FboxcnLHQGQz7TmZ84wvlUFIKybh%2F%3Fmount_node_token%3DdoxcnIQeqiSMMkUiOUvMFDRkuf3%26mount_point%3Ddocx_image&quot;,&quot;file_token&quot;:&quot;boxcnLHQGQz7TmZ84wvlUFIKybh&quot;,&quot;image_type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:229799,&quot;comments&quot;:[]}]}"><span class="p"><img src="https://info.compassedu.hk/sucai/content/1658993444633/1658993444633.png" width="780" height="440" /></span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn446IMKug48IwiYTGjqITle" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">該研究檢查了數(shù)千場(chǎng)國(guó)際象棋比賽的結(jié)果和表現(xiàn)。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;圖片:FELIX MITTERMEIER/UNSPLASH</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSiUic64kiKyoy0kHnifuTg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQcCWmiQya0uIwjnrSaCJah" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">盡管沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明男性具有先天優(yōu)勢(shì),但女性國(guó)際象棋專家在與男性選手競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)犯的錯(cuò)誤增加了11%,而男性在與男性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí),即使她們通常會(huì)辭職,男性也會(huì)繼續(xù)與女性比賽更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間 - 平均為8%。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGUGyGKQS2UwCKgWL0XSdEd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn84EWA24Asm8E8jvaznoSfg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">這兩個(gè)因素都意味著,在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性國(guó)際象棋中,女性與男性對(duì)手的平均得分較低 - 即使研究人員控制了玩家的固定效應(yīng),年齡和預(yù)期表現(xiàn)(由Elo評(píng)級(jí)衡量)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcns6mkgQQScwCywPlWMqCzPg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <blockquote class=" old-record-id-doxcn8Gu8MMIyE8gOim5ecuUnRg" data-type="quote_container"> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSoa6S6kk6SS2AdF55hdjkd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">以前的研究表明,刻板印象會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的信念,而這些信念又與差異的表現(xiàn)相關(guān)。至于將信念和表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的實(shí)際機(jī)制,這些機(jī)制可能與努力或不足或過(guò)度自信的變化有關(guān)。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span class="h6">&mdash;&mdash; 圣地亞哥&middot;桑切斯博士</span></div> </blockquote> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcniKqwOEGKsKCoWK6T6Hk1Jc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0Ww2eGsAEou8s3t8jiSrgd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在一篇新論文《性別,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和表現(xiàn):來(lái)自國(guó)際象棋選手的證據(jù)》中,該論文由圣地亞哥&middot;桑切斯-佩奇博士(倫敦國(guó)王學(xué)院),Peter Backus博士(曼徹斯特大學(xué)),Maria Cubel博士(巴斯大學(xué)),Matej Guid博士(盧布爾雅那大學(xué))和Enrique Lopez Manas共同撰寫。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6E4OiYkwc6SsCAELDP3kMd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnq8sue4AAk240y0K7Nayvjd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員說(shuō):&ldquo;我們發(fā)現(xiàn),游戲的性別構(gòu)成對(duì)結(jié)果的影響主要是由女性玩家在與男性比賽時(shí)犯更大的錯(cuò)誤驅(qū)動(dòng)的。這與男性球員形成鮮明對(duì)比,無(wú)論對(duì)手的性別如何,他們都打得同樣出色。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSwiOYYwM0WsK8zTyzou3mh" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGqcGYI6MyAAwuSP13GLqse" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&ldquo;我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),平均而言,男性在與女性比賽時(shí)在辭職前堅(jiān)持的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),這降低了女性玩家在與男性對(duì)手的比賽中可以獲得的分?jǐn)?shù)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUKcEa0UUIKggQdDlkAk5oe" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcni8UGEwoaISumikRnt1UYcd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&ldquo;我們的研究結(jié)果提供了證據(jù),證明性別間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以不利于女性結(jié)果的方式改變了男性和女性的行為。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcncA6gu6sGWGIK2XNa8r4mCe" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwSqGuw4wKqMEiWI2X9amgg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員使用了來(lái)自154個(gè)國(guó)家聯(lián)合會(huì)的14,056名棋手在18個(gè)月內(nèi)進(jìn)行的79,000多場(chǎng)國(guó)際象棋比賽的數(shù)據(jù)。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcngUM20oWi4kWoCmbK02quuc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn80qwyUuSgmAysZYfYhOtqb" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員對(duì)男女之間結(jié)果差異的一種解釋是,人們對(duì)女性下棋的相對(duì)能力有著根深蒂固的信念。女性在男女混合錦標(biāo)賽選手中僅占11%左右,在特級(jí)大師中僅占2%。</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4AYKowa648oqeKNsYh4bJc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">&nbsp;</span></div> <div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnsE2QawKogUg6EzdXBn0ode" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員說(shuō):&ldquo;以前的研究表明,刻板印象會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的信念,而這些信念又與差異的表現(xiàn)相關(guān)。至于將信念和表現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的實(shí)際機(jī)制,這些機(jī)制可能與努力或不足或過(guò)度自信的變化有關(guān)。</span></div> </div>
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